These statements describe the structure of an invention and specifically point out what the invention "claims" to do. The claims encompass the scope of the patent. They consist of single sentence statements written in the appropriate 'claim-like' language.
The PTO uses claims to determine whether an invention is patentable. They compare the claims presented in the application to the prior art to determine its novelty. In addition, they use the claims to determine whether or not the claimed invention has a specific, patentable utility. The courts use claims to determine if a patent has been infringed upon. (whether or not the idea was ripped off).
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